AfterSchool 今次搵咗 The Chemist 幫讀 DSE CHEM 嘅同學仔整合咗 Chemical Reaction Equation List!「DSE 化學反應列表」，入面包括 acid, base, metal, redox reaction 等你需要嘅 DSE chemical equations！
喺學習零散嘅新知識之前，有冇諗過需要先建立一個系統性嘅學習模式？我係The Chemist，多年來透過DSE Chem補習幫助學生輕鬆取得大學入場券。想知道我嘅教學理念同往績，即撳：化學補習名師 The Chemist | AfterSchool
目錄
Metals 金屬
Metal Extraction 金屬提煉
Direct Heating
- Metal Ores → Metal + Oxygen
Carbon Reduction
- Metal Ores + Carbon → Metal + Carbon Dioxide
Reaction of Metals 金屬的反應
Reaction with Oxygen
- Metals + Oxygen → Metal Oxide
Reaction with Water
- Metals + Water → Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen Gas
Reaction with Steam
- Metals + Steam → Metal Oxide + Hydrogen Gas
Reaction with Acid
- Metals + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen Gas
Corrosion & Rusting 生銹
- 4Fe(s) + 3O₂(g) + 2nH₂O(l) → 2Fe₂O₃ . nH₂O(s)
Acids & Bases 酸和鹼
Reactions with Acid 酸的反應
Acid + Metal
- Dilute Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen Gas
Acid + Base (Neutralization)
- Acid + Base → Salt + Water
Acid + Carbonate
- Acid + Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Acid + Hydrogencarbonate
- Acid + Hydrogencarbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Acid + Sulphite
- Acid + Sulphite → Salt + Water + Sulphur Dioxide
Acid + Hydrogensulphite
- Acid + Hydrogensulphite → Salt + Water + Sulphur Dioxide
Reactions with Alkalis 鹼的反應
Alkali + Ammonium Salt (under heat)
- Alkali + Ammonium Salt → Salt + Water + Ammonia Gas
Alkali + Acid (Neutralization)
- Alkali + Acid → Salt + Water
Alkali + Metal Cation
- Alkali + Metal Cation → Metal Hydroxide or Metal Oxide
Alkali + Non-Metal Oxides
- Alkali + Non-Metal Oxides → Carbonate or Sulphite Salt + Water
Fossil Fuels & Carbon Compounds 化石燃料和碳化合物
Reaction of Alkanes 烷烴的反應
Complete Combustion
- Fuel + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water
Substitution with Halogens
- Condition: under UV light
- Alkane + Chlorine or Bromine → Haloalkane
Cracking
- Condition: in the absence of oxygen
- Large Alkane → Small Alkane + Small Alkene
Reaction of Alkenes 烯烴的反應
Addition Reaction - Reaction with Halogens
- Alkene + Chlorine or Bromine → Haloalkane
Addition Reaction - Reaction with Cold Alkaline Dilute KMnO₄(aq)
- Alkene → Alcohol (diol)
Addition Polymerization
- n Alkene → Addition Polymer
Redox Reactions 氧化還原
Common Oxidizing Agents in DSE 常見的氧化劑
Dilute Nitric Acid with Metals
- Dilute Nitric Acid + Metals → Metal Nitrate + Nitrogen Monoxide + Water
- 3Ag(s) + NO₃-(aq) + 4H⁺(aq) → 3Ag⁺(aq) + NO(g) + 2H₂O(l)
Concentrated Nitric Acid with Metals
- Concentrated Nitric Acid + Metals → Metal Nitrate + Nitrogen Dioxide + Water
- Ag(s) + NO₃-(aq) + 2H⁺(aq) →Ag⁺(aq) + NO₂(g) + H₂O(l)
Concentrated Nitric Acid with Non-Metals
- Carbon + Concentrated Nitric Acid → Carbon Dioxide + Nitrogen Dioxide + Water
- C(s) + 4HNO₃ (aq) → CO₂(g) + 4NO₂(g) + 2H₂O(l)
- Sulphur + Concentrated Nitric Acid → Sulphur Dioxide + Nitrogen Dioxide + Water
- S(s) + 4HNO₃ (aq) → SO₂(g) + 4NO₂(g) + 2H₂O(l)
Concentrated Sulphuric Acid with Metals
- Concentrated Sulphuric Acid + Metals → Metal Sulphate + Sulphur Dioxide + Water
- H₂SO₄(l) + Cu(s) + 2H⁺(aq) → Cu²⁺ (aq) + SO₂(g) + 2H₂O(l)
Concentrated Sulphuric Acid with Non-Metals
- Concentrated Sulphuric Acid + Carbon → Carbon Dioxide + Sulphur Dioxide + Water
- 2H₂SO₄(l) + C(s) → CO₂(g) + 2SO₂(g) + 2H₂O(l)
- Concentrated Sulphuric Acid + Sulphur → Sulphur Dioxide + Water
- 2H₂SO₄(l) + S(s) → 3SO₂(g) + 2H₂O(l)
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds 碳化合物的化學
Reaction of Alkanes
Substitution Reaction
- Alkane + Chlorine or Bromine → Haloalkane
Reaction of Alkene, C=C
Hydrogenation
- Reaction Condition: Pt or Ni or Pd with Heat
- Alkene + Hydrogen → Alkane
Addition with Halogen in Organic Solvent
- Alkene + Chlorine or Bromine → Haloalkane
Addition with Hydrogen Halide, HX
- Alkene + Hydrogen Halide → Haloalkane
Oxidation
- Reaction Condition: cold alkaline potassium permanganate
- Alkene → Alkanol (diol)
Reaction of Haloalkanes, R-X
Substitution
- Haloalkane + OH-(aq) → Alcohol
Reaction of Alcohols, R-OH
Substitution with HX or PX₃
- Alcohol + HX or PX₃ → Haloalkane
Dehydration
- Reaction Condition: concentrated H₂SO₄ or Al₂O₃, heat
- Alcohol → Alkene
Oxidation with Acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ (Distillation)
- Primary Alcohol → Aldehyde
Oxidation with Acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ or KMnO₄ (Reflux)
- Primary Alcohol → Carboxylic Acid
- Secondary Alcohol → Ketone
Reaction of Ketones & Aldehydes
Oxidation of Aldehydes
- Reaction Condition: Acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ or KMnO₄, Heat under Reflux
- Aldehyde → Carboxylic Acid
Reduction of Aldehyde or Ketone
- Reaction Condition: 1) LiAlH₄ in dry ether 2) H⁺(aq) or NaBH₄(aq)
- Aldehyde or Ketone → Alcohol
Reaction of Carboxylic Acid, R-COOH
Esterification
- Reaction Condition: concentrated sulphuric acid, heat
- Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol ⇌ Ester + Water
Reduction
- Reaction Condition: 1) LiAlH₄ in dry ether 2) H⁺(aq)
- Carboxylic Acid → Primary Alcohol
Amide Formation
- Reaction Condition: Ammonia, Heat
- Carboxylic Acid + Ammonia → Amide
Reaction of Esters, R-COO-R'
Acid Hydrolysis
- Reaction Condition: H⁺(aq), Heat
- Ester ⇌ Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol
- R-COO-R' ⇌ R-COOH + R'-OH
Alkaline Hydrolysis
- Reaction Condition: OH-(aq), Heat
- Ester → Carboxylate ion + Alcohol
- R-COO-R' → R-COO- + R'-OH
Reaction of Amides, R-CONH₂
Acid Hydrolysis
- Reaction Condition: H⁺(aq), Heat
- Amide → Carboxylic Acid + Ammonium Salt
- R-CONH₂ → R-COOH + NH₄⁺
Alkaline Hydrolysis
- Reaction Condition: OH-(aq), Heat
- Amide → Carboxylate Ion + Ammonia
- R-CONH₂ → R-COO- + NH₃
